Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical guidelines on MS, NMOSD and MOGAD since 2015. Reviews pool the results of many studies, so they are often the best single summary of what is known. Each one is tagged by software and linked to the medicines, hypotheses and frontiers it covers.
1021Meta-analysis
734Systematic review
24Umbrella review
47Guideline
134Consensus statement
Treatment reviews441Found a benefit
39No benefit found
104Mixed
20Found harm
117Evidence too weak to say
Consensus statement · 2026 · Journal of neurology
French neurologists agreed that people newly diagnosed with MS and showing many lesions on scans should start strong monoclonal drugs early, with symptoms playing a smaller role.
From the abstract
This study suggests that the panel of French neurologists favoured monoclonal HET initiation amongst treatment-naïve RRMS patients with high radiological disease activity, whereas clinical characteristics played a complementary role.
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Systematic review · 2026 · Inflammopharmacology
Five animal studies suggest that drugs blocking leukotriene inflammatory signals may reduce disease severity and aid myelin repair, but human evidence is still needed.
From the abstract
Although these mechanistic observations provide biological plausibility for further investigation of these agents as potential repurposed therapies for MS, particularly in the context of remyelination and neuroinflammation, they remain based on preclinical evidence and should therefore be considered hypothesis-generating.
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Biomolecules · 24 studies
Found a benefit
Pooled animal studies found that treatment with extracellular vesicles, tiny particles released by cells, improved disease scores and reduced inflammation in mouse and rat MS models.
From the abstract
These results point to the need for clinical translation of the encouraging preliminary results obtained using such MS animal models.
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Nutritional neuroscience · 10 studies
Found a benefit
Diets designed to reduce inflammation may lessen fatigue and improve physical health in people with MS, but the evidence from 10 small trials is limited.
From the abstract
Anti-inflammatory diets may improve MS clinical manifestations, especially fatigue and disability; therefore, more research is needed to confirm the present findings.
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Consensus statement · 2026 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
This regional review finds that rare nerve inflammation disorders in Latin America are often diagnosed late, and calls for wider access to better tests and modern treatments.
From the abstract
Based on the available evidence and expert consensus, this regional perspective identifies two strategic priorities for advancing the diagnosis and management of NMOSD and MOGAD in LATAM: (I) expanding access to locally performed live-CBA and (II) ensuring equitable access to highly effective emerging therapies.
MOGADNMOSD
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Systematic review · 2026 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 18 studies
Blood tests for GFAP and NfL may help predict worsening that happens without relapses in MS, with GFAP showing more consistent links.
From the abstract
Blood GFAP and NfL give complementary but non-interchangeable information concerning PIRA in MS patients.
MS in general
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Systematic review · 2026 · Brain and behavior · 11 studies
No benefit found
Vitamin D supplements did not reliably reduce relapses in adults with MS, though some studies showed fewer inflammatory brain lesions on MRI scans.
From the abstract
Vitamin D supplementation does not consistently reduce relapse rates in adults with MS, although some studies report improvement in MRI activity.
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · European journal of neurology
Seventy-two studies found that younger age, multiple MRI lesions, and inflammatory markers in spinal fluid predict which people with a first episode will go on to get MS.
From the abstract
This meta-analysis identified factors associated with an increased likelihood of MS after a CIS.
Early MS
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Found a benefit
Probiotic supplements appeared to reduce fatigue, pain and inflammation in people with MS, but did not clearly improve disability, mood or wellbeing.
From the abstract
Overall, findings suggest that probiotics may offer moderate benefits for symptom management in MS, particularly for fatigue, pain, and inflammation, while evidence for effects on mental health remains limited.
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Systematic review · 2026 · Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 17 studies
A review of 17 studies suggests gum disease and multiple sclerosis may share inflammation pathways, but it does not prove that one causes the other.
From the abstract
Current evidence supports a biologically possible association between periodontal disease and multiple sclerosis through shared inflammatory and microbial pathways.
MS in general
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Neurology · 10 studies
Found a benefit
Plasma exchange treatment appeared to help people with MOGAD attacks recover vision, especially optic nerve inflammation, with few side effects.
From the abstract
Plasmapheresis may be associated with good outcomes for MOGAD attacks, particularly in isolated optic neuritis.
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Systematic review · 2026 · Journal of neurology · 90 studies
This review of 90 studies found that the mTOR pathway both fuels harmful inflammation and supports nerve repair in MS, so its effects depend on disease stage.
From the abstract
Overall, our findings underscore a dual role of mTOR in MS pathology, with important implications for disease stage and timing of intervention.
MS in general
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Systematic review · 2026 · BMC neurology · 12 studies
Some people with a genetic blood vessel disease called CADASIL were wrongly diagnosed with MS, so doctors should consider CADASIL when MS-like signs are atypical and test genes.
From the abstract
CADASIL may occasionally present with MS like inflammatory features, .
MS in general
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Systematic review · 2026 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
Researchers reviewed studies of eye scans in children with inflammatory nerve disorders and found retinal thinning, especially after optic nerve inflammation, making the scan useful for diagnosis.
From the abstract
OCT is a valuable diagnostic modality in cADS, particularly for detecting optic nerve lesions.
Optic neuritisChildren
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Systematic review · 2026 · Cells · 28 studies
Reviewers pooled 28 studies and found blood and spinal fluid markers like NfL and GFAP can track nerve inflammation and damage, though standardised testing is still needed.
From the abstract
These findings compel a shift toward a multi-biomarker model to guide personalized therapeutic strategies and develop targeted neuroprotective treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis.
MS in general
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · NeuroSci
Slowly expanding lesions, a brain scan marker of smouldering inflammation, were found in about 57 percent of people with MS and linked to worse disability.
From the abstract
SELs are revealed to affect around half of PwMS and are associated with disability and disease progression in MS.
MS in general
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
Found a benefit
Plasma exchange and immunoadsorption improved vision in people with severe optic nerve inflammation linked to MS or related conditions, with few side effects, especially when started early.
From the abstract
PLEX and IA are effective and safe second-line therapies for steroid-refractory ON, particularly when initiated early.
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Systematic review · 2026 · Frontiers in dental medicine
This review found that people with multiple sclerosis tend to have worse gum health and more gum-disease bacteria, though the evidence is limited and inconsistent.
From the abstract
Despite methodological heterogeneity, the available limited evidence indicates the association between periodontitis and MS.
MS in general
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
Evidence too weak to say
Across 15 MS drug trials, blood nerve-damage marker NfL changes moderately tracked relapse, new lesion and disability outcomes, but not brain volume loss.
From the abstract
In MS, treatment effects on s/pNfL are moderately associated with therapeutic effects on ARR, MRI new/enlarging T2 lesions, and CDW, whereas no consistent association was observed with PBVC.
MS in general
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Meta-analysis · 2026 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 19 studies
Mixed
Exercise training lowered three inflammatory signals in people with MS, called TNF alpha, IFN gamma and interleukin 17, but did not change four other markers.
From the abstract
This meta-analysis provides robust evidence that structured exercise training can selectively modulate the inflammatory profile in patients with MS, primarily reducing the key cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17.
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