Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical guidelines on MS, NMOSD and MOGAD since 2015. Reviews pool the results of many studies, so they are often the best single summary of what is known. Each one is tagged by software and linked to the medicines, hypotheses and frontiers it covers.
1021Meta-analysis
734Systematic review
24Umbrella review
47Guideline
134Consensus statement
Treatment reviews441Found a benefit
39No benefit found
104Mixed
20Found harm
117Evidence too weak to say
Meta-analysis · 2025 · BMC neurology · 25 studies
Mixed
Ocrelizumab, an antibody therapy, reduced relapses by about a quarter in people with MS, with no extra serious infection or cancer risk, but its effect on disability progression was unclear.
From the abstract
This study confirms OCR's significant efficacy in reducing relapse rates and its manageable safety profile in MS.
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2025 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
Found a benefit
A drug called ibudilast appeared to slow brain shrinkage in progressive MS, especially primary progressive MS, but did not clearly slow disability worsening.
From the abstract
Ibudilast demonstrates robust neuroprotection in progressive MS, particularly PPMS, with benefits on brain and retinal atrophy and chronic lesion activity.
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Meta-analysis · 2023 · Frontiers in neurology · 34 studies
Many people with primary progressive MS show signs of active inflammation, mostly on MRI scans, and younger age and longer monitoring predicted more activity.
From the abstract
Inflammatory disease activity is common in PPMS and has remained stable over the last decades.
Primary progressive
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2023 · International immunopharmacology · 13 studies
Mixed
Monoclonal antibody trials in progressive MS found ocrelizumab slowed disease worsening in primary progressive patients, but it raised infection risk, other antibodies showed little benefit.
From the abstract
Based on our findings, Ocrelizumab is the most efficient monoclonal antibody for primary PMS, although it is associated with a higher risk of infection.
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Meta-analysis · 2023 · Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
Mixed
Pooled data from 15 trials found most tested drugs beat placebo for primary progressive MS, with ocrelizumab performing best, while biotin and interferon beta did not.
From the abstract
The results of this study provide the necessary quantitative information for both the rational clinical use of drugs and future clinical trials in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2022 · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 4 studies
Found a benefit
Ocrelizumab reduced relapses in relapsing MS compared with interferon, and may slow disability worsening in primary progressive MS, though infections and infusion reactions were common.
From the abstract
For people with RRMS, ocrelizumab probably results in a large reduction in relapse rate and little to no difference in adverse events when compared with interferon beta-1a at 96 weeks (moderate-certainty evidence).
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Meta-analysis · 2021 · Neuropsychology review
Brain scans of people with relapsing and primary progressive MS show shrinkage in networks linked to movement and thinking, with some differences between the two types.
From the abstract
Alterations in the cortico-striatal-thalamic networks, sensorimotor network, and insula may be involved in the common pathogenesis of RRMS and PPMS.
Primary progressiveRelapsing
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Consensus statement · 2018 · Journal of the neurological sciences
Latin American MS experts agreed on guidance for diagnosing and caring for primary progressive MS, recommending the 2017 McDonald criteria and rehabilitation alongside careful use of immunotherapy.
From the abstract
The recommendations of these consensus guidelines attempt to optimize the health care and management of PPMS patients in LATAM.
Primary progressive
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2018 · Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
Few studies exist on primary progressive MS in Latin America. Reported prevalence was low, about 0.13 to 1.1 per 100,000 people, and no incidence or mortality data were found.
From the abstract
The study provides information on discriminated epidemiological features of PPMS in the region.
Primary progressive
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Meta-analysis · 2017 · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 47 studies
People with primary progressive MS have worse thinking and memory problems than those with relapsing MS, and need more specialised care.
From the abstract
Results imply that, previously under-recognized, PPMS patients display severe degrees of CI and need more specialized disease management than RRMS patients.
Primary progressiveRelapsing
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2015 · PloS one
Previous trials in primary progressive MS may have failed partly because of how patients were chosen and how progression was measured. Combined measures of function may detect progression better.
From the abstract
Optimal PPMS study methods involve appropriate patient selection, especially regarding the PPMS phenotype and progression rate.
Primary progressive
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.
Systematic review · 2015 · BioMed research international
A review of twenty studies found Epstein Barr virus exposure may raise the risk of relapsing MS, but research on risk factors for progressive MS onset is scarce.
From the abstract
This review exposes a gap in our understanding of the risk factors associated with the onset of PPMS, our current knowledge being predominated by relapsing-onset MS.
Primary progressiveRelapsing
Tagged by software from the title and abstract. The quote is copied word for word.