ReBUILD
What it found
The main measure showed a statistically significant benefit.
“The primary efficacy endpoint was met with clemastine fumarate treatment, which reduced the latency delay by 1·7 ms/eye (95% CI 0·5-2·9; p=0·0048) when analysing the trial as a crossover.”Read by software from the paper's abstract
shortening of P100 latency delay on full-field, pattern-reversal, visual-evoked potentials
mean difference in latency delay reduction (ms/eye) 1.7
p = 0.0048
Total participants: 50
Read by software from the paper's abstract
What was tested
Treatment tested
- Clemastine
Placebo or sham
- Placebo
Results by group
Full Field Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
Treatment start to treatment end, up to 3 months.
| Group | Value | Interval | Number analysed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clemastine | 124.8 ms | 11.5 (Standard Deviation) | 93 |
| Placebo | 126.4 ms | 10.9 (Standard Deviation) | 93 |
| Clemastine | -2.86 ms | 6.85 (Standard Deviation) | 93 |
| Placebo | -1.50 ms | 3.86 (Standard Deviation) | 93 |
Clemastine
Placebo
Clemastine
Placebo
Values as posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. Outcomes measured differently across trials are not directly comparable.
Safety
| Group | Participants at risk | Serious adverse events | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clemastine | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 |
| Placebo | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 |
As posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. Serious adverse events include any serious health event during the trial, whether or not the treatment caused it.
What it measured
Main measures
Full Field Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
Treatment start to treatment end, up to 3 months.
Myelin repair
Other measures (3)
Tolerability of Clemastine in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients
Treatment start to treatment end, up to 3 months.
FatigueSafetyMyelin Water Fraction (MWF) and Magnetization Transfer Ratios (MTR)
Treatment start to treatment end, up to 3 months.
MRI lesionsMyelin repairExpanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Score
Start of treatment to end of treatment, up to 3 months
Disability progressionFatigueBladder, bowel and sexual function
Who could take part
Relapsing MS · 18 to 60
Inclusion Criteria: * Relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis by 2010 Revised McDonald Criteria * Age 18-60. * Latency delay > 125 milliseconds on baseline full-field transient pattern reversal visual evoked potential (VEP) in at least one eye (electrophysiological evidence of demyelination) * Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) > 70 microns on Spectralis Domain Optical Coherence Topography (SD-OCT) in the same eye meeting criteria for latency delay (sufficient axons) * No optic neuritis in prior 6 months * Stable immunomodulatory therapy - no switch or planned switch in > 6 months and no change in doses in 30 days prior to screening * Use of appropriate contraception during period of trial (females of child bearing potential) * Understand and sign informed consent. * Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) 0-6.0 (inclusive) Exclusion Criteria: * Major ophthalmologic disease / Concomitant ophthalmologic disorders (e.g. diabetes, macular degeneration, glaucoma, severe myopia , etc). * Myopia > -7 Diopters (Severe myopia) * History of significant cardiac conduction block * History of cancer * Known optic neuritis in involved eye > 5 years ago OR disease duration > 15 years * Suicidal ideation or behaviour in 6 months prior to screening * Pregnancy, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant. * Involved with other study protocol simultaneously without prior approval. 9. Concomitant use of Dalfampridine (4AP or diamino4AP) or any other formulation of 4AP or diamino4AP. * Concomitant use of any other putative remyelinating therapy as determined by investigator. * Treatment with corticosteroids within 30 days prior to screening * Prior treatment with total lymphoid irradiation, T cell or T cell receptor vaccination * Prior treatment with alemtuzumab, mitoxantrone, or cyclophosphamide * Serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or alkaline phosphatase > 2 times the upper limit of normal * History of drug or alcohol abuse within the past year * Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency (as determined by B12 serological assessments and metabolites including methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine) or untreated hypothyroidism * Clinically significant cardiac, metabolic, hematologic, hepatic, immunologic, urologic, endocrinologic, neurologic, pulmonary, psychiatric, dermatologic, psychiatric allergic, renal or other major diseases that in the PI's judgment may affect interpretation of study results or patient safety. * History of or presence of clinically significant medical illness or laboratory abnormality that, in the opinion of the investigator would preclude participation in the study
As registered. Criteria can change, so ask the trial team or your neurologist.
About this trial
In the sponsor's words
The main purpose of this study is to assess clemastine as a remyelinating agent in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. The study will also evaluate the tolerability of clemastine, originally approved as first-generation antihistamine, in patients with multiple sclerosis. Study procedures will include assessments for evidence of remyelination in the anterior visual pathway and in the brain using electrophysiologic techniques and magnetic resonance imaging. The study will also assess the robustness and stability of this clinical effect in patients taking clemastine for up to 3 months. Patients in this study can remain on their standard disease modifying treatment during the course of the study. However, patients cannot participate in any other investigational new drug research study concurrently.
Papers
Results
Clemastine fumarate accelerates accumulation of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis by enhancing pyroptosis.J Clin Invest · 2025
Results
MWF of the corpus callosum is a robust measure of remyelination: Results from the ReBUILD trial.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2023
Results
Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.Lancet · 2017
The primary efficacy endpoint was met with clemastine fumarate treatment, which reduced the latency delay by 1·7 ms/eye (95% CI 0·5-2·9; p=0·0048) when analysing the trial as a crossover.
Read by software from the paper's abstract
Results
Abdelhak A, Cordano C, Boscardin WJ, Caverzasi E, Kuhle J, Chan B, Gelfand JM, Yiu HH, Oertel FC, Beaudry-Richard A, Condor Montes S, Oksenberg JR, Lario Lago A, Boxer A, Rojas-Martinez JC, Elahi FM, Chan JR, Green AJ. Plasma neurofilament light chain levels suggest neuroaxonal stability following therapeutic remyelination in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 JunBackground
Fischer JS, LaRocca NG, Miller DM, Ritvo PG, Andrews H, Paty D. Recent developments in the assessment of quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS). Mult Scler. 1999 Aug;5(4):251-9. doi: 10.1177/135245859900500410.
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History
Started
Jan 2014
Main results due
Sept 2015
Finished
Apr 2016
Results posted
Jul 2021
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