Reviews and guidelines on MS

1,997 reviews and guidelines

2,718 trial result papers linked to trials →

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1,997 reviews match

Effect of electrical stimulation on remyelination in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Progress in neurobiology · Alderei A, Bhamidimarri PM, Pitsalidis C, Yousef AF, Safar HA, Hasan SW, Hamdan H. · 2026
A review of animal studies found that electrical stimulation of the brain, vagus nerve, or peripheral nerves improved myelin repair in models of multiple sclerosis.
From the abstract
Limited but convergent preclinical evidence suggests ES may enhance remyelination by modulating neuronal and inflammatory pathways.
The effects of stretching interventions in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Disability and rehabilitation · Pinto G, Nakamura M, Konrad A, Bianco A, Thomas E. · 2026
Seven small studies suggest stretching is well tolerated by people with MS and may improve flexibility, walking, stiffness, pain and tiredness, but the evidence is weak.
From the abstract
ST appears well tolerated and may improve flexibility while also being potentially associated with clinically meaningful improvements in mobility, spasticity, pain, and fatigue in PwMS.
Is resistance training effective to increase BDNF in multiple sclerosis? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated interventions.
Meta-analysisMS in general
PloS one · Pedon WR, Costa GCT, Cortizo Vidal LÁR, Inacio PA, Sales MM, Martins IM, Fajemiroye JO, Machado S, Aprigliano V, Inacio GR, Cameia AM, Chiappa GR, Portugal EDMM, Sá Filho AS. · 2026
Four small studies suggest that resistance training alone may raise a blood marker of brain health, BDNF, in people with MS, but the evidence is weak.
From the abstract
Isolated RT may increase peripheral BDNF levels in individuals with MS, but this effect is supported by limited and low-certainty evidence.
Latin American consensus recommendations on the role of magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in clinical practice.
Consensus statementNMOSD
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Carnero Contentti E, Rojas JI, Correale J, Alonso R, Becker J, Ciampi E, Correa-Díaz EP, Dutra BG, Farez MF, Galleguillos L, Gómez-Figueroa E, Gracia F, Navas C, Patrucco L, Rivas-Alonso V, Sato DK, de Castillo IS, Tkachuk V, Gaitan MI, Ontaneda D. · 2026
Latin American experts agreed on practical rules for using MRI scans to diagnose, monitor, and manage neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder across different healthcare settings.
From the abstract
These LATAM-adapted consensus recommendations provide a practical, evidence-informed framework for MRI use in NMOSD, aiming to improve diagnostic accuracy, harmonize imaging practices, and optimize patient management across diverse healthcare settings.
Mapping the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis in Middle East and North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Journal of neurovirology · Ezabadi SG, Khodaie F, Kohandel K, Kamali K, Bahrami SN, Almasi-Hashiani A, Eskandarieh S, Sahraian MA. · 2026 · 131 studies
Researchers pooled published studies from Middle East and North Africa and found MS cases and EBV infections both rose over time, with MS rising more sharply.
From the abstract
Based on a probable ecological correlation between the increasing prevalence of MS and EBV, the preventive measures against EBV infection may potentially yield favorable outcomes in terms of MS prevention.
DELPHI expert consensus-derived factors influencing the early use of monoclonal high-efficacy therapies in treatment-naïve patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Consensus statementRelapsing
Journal of neurology · Bourre B, Guerrier O, Ayrignac X, Suchet L, de Seze J, Masmoudi I, Ricigliano VAG, Vermersch P, Ciron J, CAReSEP working group. · 2026
French neurologists agreed that people newly diagnosed with MS and showing many lesions on scans should start strong monoclonal drugs early, with symptoms playing a smaller role.
From the abstract
This study suggests that the panel of French neurologists favoured monoclonal HET initiation amongst treatment-naïve RRMS patients with high radiological disease activity, whereas clinical characteristics played a complementary role.
Physical activity guidelines' impact on cognition in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Disability and rehabilitation · Murphy T, Lauinger A, Peters J, Truong E, Abou L. · 2026
Meeting physical activity guidelines improved thinking speed and memory in people with MS, though the evidence came from few studies with high risk of bias.
From the abstract
Meta-analyses indicated meeting PAG-MS significantly improved processing speed and memory.
Cognitive Function and Disability in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Neuropsychology review · Mirmosayyeb O, Yazdan Panah M, Rajai Firouzabadi S, Mohammadi I, Alinejadfard M, Vaheb S, Shaygannejad V, Moases Ghaffary E. · 2026
Researchers combined many studies and found that thinking and memory problems are linked to physical disability in MS, especially in later stages of the disease.
From the abstract
Cognitive and physical disabilities in MS are interdependent, particularly in the advanced stages of the disease.
Efficacy and safety of tolebrutinib in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisRelapsingSecondary progressive
Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · Mosad N, Roshdy Y, Emad T, Harb A, Abo-Elnour DE, Awadalla YF, Al Fauomi W, Alnajjar AZ. · 2026 · 4 studies
Tolebrutinib, a pill for MS, may slow disability worsening and reduce inflammation on MRI, with side effects common but serious ones uncommon. Findings are preliminary.
From the abstract
The available trial evidence suggests that tolebrutinib may reduce confirmed disability progression in nonrelapsing secondary progressive MS and MRI inflammatory activity versus placebo in earlier-phase relapsing MS.
Sudomotor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Sredanović M, Krbot Skorić M, Rakuša H, Brecl Jakob G, Gomezelj S, Habek M. · 2026
About one in three people with multiple sclerosis have problems with sweating control, which is much more common than in healthy people and more frequent in progressive disease.
From the abstract
Sudomotor dysfunction affects approximately one-third of people with MS, is substantially more frequent than in healthy controls, and appears more common in progressive disease.
Effects of Occupational Therapy Interventions on Occupational Performance and Physical and Cognitive Fatigue in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Journal of clinical medicine · Vásquez-Carrasco E, Branco BHM, Lopez-Andaur R, Hernandez-Martinez J, Burgos-Carrasco S, Ochoa-Martinez L, Sandoval-Vásquez C, Peña F, Valdés-Badilla P. · 2026
Seven randomized trials found occupational therapy results inconsistent for daily activity performance and fatigue in people with MS, with very low certainty of evidence.
From the abstract
The available evidence does not consistently establish that OT interventions improve occupational performance or reduce physical and cognitive fatigue in adults with MS.
Management of Urinary Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis: An Umbrella Review.
Umbrella reviewMS in general
Neurourology and urodynamics · Hamzehzadeh S, Hashemian D, Baharomid S, Tahmasebi F, Seyedgholami Sharabiani S, Hajebrahimi S, Talebi M, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Naseri A. · 2026 · 34 studies
Many treatments for bladder problems in MS showed promise, but some caused side effects and strong trials are still lacking.
From the abstract
Despite a high prevalence of LUTDs in MS patients, evidence basis of the management methods is still poor and there is lack of well-designed randomized controlled trials, which makes evidence inconclusive.
Leukotriene inhibitors in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of animal studies.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Inflammopharmacology · Pakkhesal S, Roshani S, Mehdizadeh Kahnamoyi A, Aminzadeh M, Ghasemi S, Amirikar F, Talebi M, Sanaie S, Naseri A. · 2026
Five animal studies suggest that drugs blocking leukotriene inflammatory signals may reduce disease severity and aid myelin repair, but human evidence is still needed.
From the abstract
Although these mechanistic observations provide biological plausibility for further investigation of these agents as potential repurposed therapies for MS, particularly in the context of remyelination and neuroinflammation, they remain based on preclinical evidence and should therefore be considered hypothesis-generating.
Grey matter atrophy signatures and their genetic associations: a trans-disease study of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Frontiers in neuroimaging · Zhao Y, Sun J, Reheman B, Bai X, Zhang C, Ding W, Zou B, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang N. · 2026
Brain scans from thousands of people found that multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's share some brain shrinkage areas, and genes linked to these patterns may suggest shared treatment targets.
From the abstract
Findings establish shared cortical-limbic-striatal atrophy as pivotal neurodegeneration nexus in AD and MS.
Prevalence and clinical associations of sleep-disordered breathing in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Ponda DJ, Wong FO, Edwards L. · 2026 · 29 studies
A review of 29 studies found that about 30 percent of people with MS have sleep breathing problems, more often those with higher BMI or more advanced disease.
From the abstract
SDB affects a considerable proportion of PwMS, particularly those with more advanced disease or higher BMI.
Effects of blood flow restriction therapy on lower-limb strength in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Blanco-Trillo A, Mollinedo-Cardalda I, Guerra-Colmenero C, Fernández-Vázquez D. · 2026
Adding blood flow restriction to exercise may modestly strengthen thigh and hamstring muscles and reduce fatigue in people with MS, though evidence is limited.
From the abstract
BFR therapy may improve lower-limb strength (more consistently for hamstrings than quadriceps) and may reduce fatigue in people with MS compared with exercise alone, but the certainty of the evidence is low.
Serum and plasma leptin levels in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Darfarin K, Hajizadehanari N, Rad SS, Jafari MA, Toghyani DolatAbadi M, Hasanzadeh F, Fekri M, Ebrahimi R. · 2026
Pooled data from 21 studies found people with MS tend to have higher leptin levels in their blood than healthy people, though results varied widely between studies.
From the abstract
Circulating leptin levels are elevated in MS patients, suggesting a potential role in disease-related immune dysregulation.
Examining the effectiveness of theory-based nursing interventions for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Meşe Tunç A, Akgün ZG, Gökçay G, Şimşekli D, Çevirme A. · 2026
Nine trials found that nursing care plans based on established health theories improved quality of life, self-efficacy, daily living, fatigue, and sleep in people with MS.
From the abstract
Theory-based nursing interventions not only yield significant positive effects on physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes among individuals with multiple sclerosis but also serve as an essential framework for guiding the planning and delivery of holistic nursing care.
Challenging historical associations and reassuring women: an updated meta-analysis of multiple sclerosis relapse risk following assisted reproductive technology.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Mohamed MI, Thabet MY, Nasr N, Nada MA. · 2026
This updated review of 12 studies found fertility treatment does not significantly raise relapse risk in women with MS or cause new MS, and pregnancy after treatment linked to fewer relapses.
From the abstract
Contemporary evidence suggests that ART does not independently increase relapse risk in WwMS or the risk of developing de novo MS.
Effectiveness of Native and Enhanced Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Assessed in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis.
Meta-analysisMS in general
Biomolecules · Magercu M, Ristoiu V, Amuzescu B, Dulămea AO. · 2026 · 24 studies
Pooled animal studies found that treatment with extracellular vesicles, tiny particles released by cells, improved disease scores and reduced inflammation in mouse and rat MS models.
From the abstract
These results point to the need for clinical translation of the encouraging preliminary results obtained using such MS animal models.
Comparator Event Rates, Baseline Activity, and Operational Selection Pressure in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Trials: A Meta-Epidemiological Analysis.
Meta-analysisRelapsing
European journal of neurology · Pfeuffer S, Masanneck L, Pawlitzki M, Hartung HP. · 2026 · 9 studies
Relapse rates in control groups of MS drug trials have fallen over time, along with patients' baseline relapse activity, though recruitment timing explains much of the pattern.
From the abstract
Lower baseline relapse activity accompanied declining event yield.
The Impact of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation on Fatigue in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · Şekercan G, Akbaş EK, Salcı Y. · 2026
Nine studies suggest upper limb rehabilitation may help fatigue in people with MS, but the evidence is weak and better trials are needed.
From the abstract
The available evidence is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding the effects of upper extremity rehabilitation on fatigue in PwMS.
Prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities in aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysisNMOSD
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · Weng N, Randhawa A, Sayfee K, Chertcoff A, Marrie RA, Varela LB. · 2026
Around one in five people with neuromyelitis optica had another autoimmune condition, most often Sjogren's syndrome, lupus or thyroid disease, with higher rates in wealthier countries.
From the abstract
Autoimmune comorbidities were frequently documented in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD.
Use of MRI in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease - MAGNIMS consensus recommendations.
Consensus statementMOGADNMOSD
Nature reviews. Neurology · Cortese R, Hacohen Y, Arrambide G, Bianchi A, DeLuca G, Filippi M, Gasperini C, Geraldes R, Granziera C, Haider L, Messina S, Sastre-Garriga J, Preziosa P, Rocca MA, Rovira À, Tintoré M, Toosy A, Tortorella C, Vaneckova M, Yousry T, Palace J, De Stefano N, MAGNIMS Study Group. · 2026
Expert recommendations explain how MRI scans should be used to diagnose, monitor and research two immune disorders of the brain and spinal cord called NMOSD and MOGAD.
From the abstract
MRI is fundamental for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment decisions in these disorders, yet challenges persist, including overlap of imaging features, variable lesion evolution and the absence of standardized acquisition protocols.
Melatonin supplementation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of clinical, imaging, biomarker, and safety outcomes.
Systematic reviewMS in general
Frontiers in neurology · Nabil Y, Ghazou A, Abodabesh S, Mansour A, Adel Mohamed A, Allam S, Eid N, Wahba YI, Mamoun RMM, Samy A, Hanna KE, Noufal A, Seyed EKA, Meshref M. · 2026 · 10 studies
A review of 10 small studies found melatonin did not slow MS relapses, disability, or brain scan activity, though some symptoms may improve and high doses may harm the liver.
From the abstract
Current evidence does not support a disease-modifying effect of melatonin in MS.

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