How well medicines work
For each trial, how much the treatment changed relapses or disability compared with what it was tested against.
Relapses
Against placebo
Against another medicine
Bars show the reduction in relapses, from 0 (the thin line) to 100 per cent. Hollow bars: no clear difference. The thin whisker is the 95 per cent interval.
In trials against placebo, significant results cut relapses by between 20 and 63 per cent. In trials against another medicine, significant results cut relapses by between 25 and 81 per cent.
Every measured effect
| Trial | Treatment | Against | Type of MS | Phase | Measure | Estimate (95% interval) | Relative reduction | Per 100 people | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RIFUND-MS | rituximab | dimethyl fumarate | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Relapses | Risk ratio 0.19 · p = 0.006 | 81% | Paper | |
| Alemtuzumab, phase 2 | alemtuzumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 2 | Probability of Participants With Sustained Accumulation of Disability (SAD) | Hazard ratio 0.24 (0.11–0.55) · p = 0.0006 | 76% | Registry | |
| Alemtuzumab, phase 2 | alemtuzumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 2 | Annualized Relapse Rate | Rate ratio 0.33 (0.2–0.55) · p = 0.0001 | 67% | Registry | |
| ONWARD | cladribine | placebo | Relapsing and progressive MS | Phase 2 | Double Blind Period: Annualized Qualifying Relapse Rate | Rate ratio 0.37 (0.22–0.63) · p = 0.001 | 63% | 20 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| ORACLE MS | cladribine, interferon beta-1a | placebo | Early MS | Phase 3 | ITP: Time to Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis (CDMS) Conversion Represented by Kaplan-Meier Estimates of the Cumulative Percentage of Participants With CDMS | Hazard ratio 0.38 (0.25–0.58) · p = 0.0001 | 62% | Registry | |
| ULTIMATE 1 | ublituximab | teriflunomide | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) | Rate ratio 0.41 (0.27–0.61) · p = 0.0001 | 59% | 11 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| ASCLEPIOS II | ofatumumab | teriflunomide | Relapsing and progressive MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) | Rate ratio 0.42 (0.31–0.56) · p = 0.001 | 58% | 15 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| Ofatumumab, phase 2 | ofatumumab | placebo | Relapsing MS | Phase 2 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) - Core Part | Rate ratio 0.42 (0.14–1.25) · p = 0.119 | 37 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry | |
| CLARITY | cladribine | placebo | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Qualifying Relapse Rate | Rate ratio 0.43 (0.35–0.54) · p = 0.001 | 57% | Registry | |
| CARE-MS I | alemtuzumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate | Rate ratio 0.45 (0.32–0.63) · p = 0.0001 | 55% | 21 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| SELECT | daclizumab | placebo | Relapsing MS | Phase 2 | Adjusted Annualized Relapse Rate Between Baseline and Week 52 | Rate ratio 0.46 (0.32–0.67) · p = 0.0001 | 54% | Registry | |
| RADIANCE | ozanimod | placebo | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Adjusted Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) at Week 24 | Rate ratio 0.47 (0.22–1.01) · p = 0.0531 | Registry | ||
| ASCLEPIOS I | ofatumumab | teriflunomide | Relapsing and progressive MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) | Rate ratio 0.49 (0.38–0.66) · p = 0.001 | 50% | 11 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| ULTIMATE II | ublituximab | teriflunomide | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) | Rate ratio 0.51 (0.33–0.78) · p = 0.0022 | 49% | 9 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| CARE-MS II | alemtuzumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate | Rate ratio 0.51 (0.39–0.65) · p = 0.0001 | 49% | 26 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| Operetta 2 | ocrelizumab | fingolimod | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Protocol-defined ARR | Rate ratio 0.52 (0.19–1.33) · p = 0.159 | 7 fewer with progression per 100 | Registry | |
| SUNBEAM | ozanimod | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Adjusted Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) During the Treatment Period | Rate ratio 0.52 (0.41–0.66) · p = 0.0001 | 48% | Registry | |
| FREEDOMS II | fingolimod | placebo | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualised relapse rate at month 24 | Rate ratio 0.52 · p = 0.0001 | 48% | Paper | |
| OPERA II | ocrelizumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) in Participants With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) at 96 Weeks In Double Blind Period | Rate ratio 0.53 (0.4–0.71) · p = 0.0001 | 47% | 14 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| OPERA I | ocrelizumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) in Participants With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) at 96 Weeks | Rate ratio 0.54 (0.4–0.72) · p = 0.0001 | 46% | 14 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| Daclizumab, phase 3 | daclizumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Adjusted Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) | Rate ratio 0.55 (0.47–0.65) · p = 0.0001 | 45% | 18 fewer relapses per 100 people a year | Registry |
| PreCISe | glatiramer acetate | placebo | Early MS | Phase 3 | Time to Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis (CDMS) Conversion | Hazard ratio 0.55 (0.4–0.77) · p = 0.0005 | 45% | Registry | |
| REFLEXION | interferon beta-1a | placebo | Early MS | Phase 3 | Time to Conversion to Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis (CDMS) Defined by Either a Second Attack or a Sustained Increase (Greater Than or Equal to 1.5 Points) in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Score up to 36 Months | Hazard ratio 0.56 (0.38–0.82) · p = 0.002 | 44% | Registry | |
| ATTAIN | interferon beta-1a | another arm | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Time to Sustained Disability Progression | Hazard ratio 0.57 (0.38–0.85) · p = 0.006 | 43% | 2 fewer with progression per 100 | Registry |
| OPERA I | ocrelizumab | interferon beta-1a | Relapsing MS | Phase 3 | Time to Onset of Confirmed Disability Progression (CDP) for at Least 24 Weeks During the Double-Blind Treatment Period | Hazard ratio 0.57 (0.34–0.95) · p = 0.0278 | 43% | Registry |
Assembled by software from public sources.